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Biotechnology guideAcclimatization - the adaptation of an organism to a new environment.Active immunity - acquired immunity to a disease where resistance is built up either by having the disease or having vaccination against the disease. Aerobic - needing oxygen for growth. Allogenic - of the same species but with a different genotype. Anaerobic - growing without the need for oxygen. Antibiotic - chemical substance which was a byproduct in bacteria or fungi and used to treat bacterial infections. Antibody - a protein produced by humans in response to the presence of a specific antigen. Antigen - a substance which induces an immune response by a specific antibody. Autoimmune disease - a disease in which the body produces antibodies against its own tissue. Autoimmunity - a condition in which the body mounts an immune response against one of its own organs. A virulent - unable to cause disease. Bacterium - a large group of microorganisms with a very simple cell like structure. Biochemical - the product of a chemical reaction in a living organism. Biodegradable - capable of being reduced to water and carbon dioxide by the action of microorganisms. Biologic - a therapeutic derived from a living source such as animal or human. Biomass - the totality of biological matter in any given area as commonly used in biotechnology. Biomaterials - biological molecules such as proteins and complex sugars commonly used to make medical devices such as structural elements used in reconstructive surgery. Bioprocess - a process in which living cells are used to produce the desired product. Bioreactor - a vessel used in Bioprocessing. Biosynthesis - production of a chemical by a living organism. Biotechnology - the use of a biological process to make a useful product. Cell - the smallest unit of a living organism that can grow and reproduce independently. Cell culture - the growth of cells under laboratory conditions. Chromosomes - threadlike components in the cell that contain DNA and proteins. Clone - a term that is applied to genes, cells or entire organisms. Co-enzyme - an organic compound that is necessary for the correct functioning of an enzyme. Culture - living organisms in a prepared medium. DNA fingerprinting - technology used as a forensic tool to detect similarities in blood and tissue samples. Enzyme - a protein catalyst that facilitates specific chemical or metabolic reactions needed for cell growth and reproduction. Fermentation - growing microorganisms fro the production of various chemical or pharmaceutical compounds. Gene - a segment of chromosomes. Gene sequencing - determination of the sequence of nucleotide bases of a strand of DNA. Genome - the total hereditary material of a cell. Heredity - the transfer of genetic information from parent cells to progeny. Microbiology - the study of living organisms seen under a microscope. Pathogen - a disease causing organism. Polyclonal - derived from different types of cells. Protein - a molecule composed of amino acids. Recombinant DNA - the DNA formed by combining segments of DNA from two separate sources. Scale-up - the transition from small scale production to production large industrial quantities. Somatic cells - cells other than sex or germ cells. Yeast - single cell fungi that reproduce by budding. |
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