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Important evens in biotechnologyEven though great advancements in biotechnology have been made in the last few years biotechnology was around for a long time before we fully realised what we could achieve. Here is the time line:8000 BC - humans began to domesticate animals and crops and potatoes were cultivated as a means of food. 4000 to 2000 BC - biotechnology was first introduced during this period when the Egyptians began fermenting beer and baking bread. Wine was fermented and the production of cheese began in sumeria, china and Egypt. 500 BC - the first ever antibiotic which was mouldy soybean curdle was used in the treatment of a boil in china. A.D 100 - powdered chrysanthemums were used as the first form of insecticide in china. 1322 - artificial insemination is first used to produce superior horses in Arabia. 1590 - the microscope is introduce by Janssen. 1663 - the first cell is recognised by Hooke. 1675 - bacteria is first recognised by Leeuwenhoek. 1761 - successful cross breeding of crops is first accomplished. 1797 - the first child is inoculated with a viral vaccine against smallpox. 1830 to 1833 - the first protein is discovered and the first enzyme is discovered and isolated. 1835 to 1855 - Schleiden and Schwann announce that all organisms are composed of cells and that every cell arises from a cell. 1857 - Pasteur finds that microbes cause fermentation. 1859 - the theory of evolution is published by Charles Darwin. 1865 - An Austrian monk studies garden peas and it is found that genetic traits are passed parents to offspring. 1870 to 1890 - plant breeders crossbreed cotton developing varieties with far superior qualities, fields are inoculated to improve their yield, the first experimental corm hybrids are grown in the laboratory, a technique for staining and identifying bacteria is found, the first centrifuge is developed, chromatin is discovered. 1900 - fruit flies are used in early studies of genes. 1906 - the term genetics is used for the first time. 1911 - the first virus which causes cancer is discovered. 1914 - bacteria is first used to treat sewage in England. 1919 - the word biotechnology is first used in print. 1928 - penicillin is first discovered as an antibiotic. 1941 - the term genetic engineering is first used. 1944 - it is proven that DNA carries genetic information. 1951 - artificial insemination of livestock using frozen semen is carried out. 1961 - the first bio pesticide is registered. 1965 - the first human cells are fused with those of a mouse. 1966 - scientists crack the genetic code. 1967 - the first automatic protein sequencer is perfected. 1977 - the first expression of human genes in bacteria is found. 1979 - human growth hormone is first synthesised. 1984 - DNA finger printing is first developed. 1986 - the first anti cancer drug interferon is released. 1987 - improvement is given for the field test of modified food plants, tomatoes that are resistant to viruses. 1988 - Harvard geneticists are awarded patent for the first genetically altered animal, a mouse. 1990 - the first transgenic dairy cow is created to produce human milk proteins for infant formula. 1992 - a technique for testing human embryos in vitro for genetic abnormalities Is unveiled by British and American scientists. 1994 - the first gene for breast cancer is discovered. 1995 - the first baboon to human bone marrow transplant is performed. 1996 - a gene associated with Parkinson's disease is discovered which provides new research into the disease. 1997 - the first animal to be cloned from an adult cell is announced and becomes know as Dolly the sheep. 2002 - researchers announce a breakthrough with a vaccine against cervical cancer. 2004 - the FDA approves the first anti-angiogenic drug for cancer and the first cloned pet, a kitten is delivered to the owner. |
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